An Introduction and Brief Overview of Psychoanalysis.

The field of psychology has been shaped by the views and perspectives of Sigmund Freud and his former students: Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson, and Karen Horney. These psychologists and their respective schools of thought provide distinct views on psychology and influences on personality and psychosocial development. The foundation for psychoanalysis was laid by Freud, his work on the unconscious mind, and his emphasis on early childhood experiences. His students also made substantial contributions that expanded, sharpened, and challenged his theories. This review will begin by highlighting the work of Sigmund Freud; it will then compare his theories with the theories of his students. This review will introduce and bring attention to the most important figures of psychoanalysis and give a brief overview of their theories.

Migration and integration in the internal and external community: Narcissistic defence organizations as a hindrance to integration.

In this paper, I am concerned with the question of relationship between internal personality integration and external integration in the community within the context of voluntary migration. Migration always includes a loss of all that one has left behind. Both internal and external integration in the new community thus involve a mourning process that involves a working through of depressive position anxieties. Only then can the migrant turn towards the new object, the new community and initiate a process of integration. This process is particularly difficult for patients with an entrenched system of narcissistic defences, in which they have turned away from the helpful object, also the helpful object of the community around them and the helpful object of the analyst. These are often patients who have used the migration as a kind of psychic retreat. The difficult process of integration is illustrated in this paper with the treatment of Mr B.

The Psychology of the Pursuit for a Sense of Power and Structural Patterns of Biblical Social Relations.

This article attempts to reconstruct some important features (structural patterns) of social relations in biblical discourse, which is the most significant source of regulation in the social world of not only Christian communities but also outside of them in both the public and private lives of believers. An analysis was conducted on the basis of the striving for power theory by Alfred Adler and Wladyslaw Witwicki, and on the linguistic category model by Gun Semin and Klaus Fiedler. The focus was mainly on the analysis of the concept of power and domination, preferred emotions, and a sense of social closeness as important variables regulating the social world of biblical time. The obtained results are primarily important for pastoral psychology, religious education, and psychotherapy.

ALFRED ADLER (1870-1937): Uma breve biografia / ALFRED ADLER (1870-1937): A short biography / ALFRED ADLER (1870-1937): Una breve biografía

Este artigo objetiva apresentar uma breve biografia do médico psiquiatra Alfred Adler, desde seu nascimento até o desenvolvimento de sua teoria, a Psicologia Individual, com o intuito de apontar algumas de suas contribuições para o desenvolvimento da área da Psicologia, assim como a relação observada entre a criação dos conceitos-chave de sua teoria com suas próprias vivências, ao longo de seus 67 anos de vida. Para tanto, optou-se por uma pesquisa de cunho histórico, seguindo a abordagem historiográfica proposta por De Certeau (2010). Por fim, observou-se que, tanto a atitude adotada frente à vida quanto a construção teórica da Psicologia Individual se constituíram por intermédio, primeiro, da harmonia existente entre os fatos vivenciados durante a infância de Adler: estreito círculo familiar e condições de saúde enfrentadas nos 5 primeiros anos de vida (raquitismo, pneumonia). Segundo que, um dos seus principais conceitos, o de sentimento de comunidade, foi sendo construído desde as primeiras relações estabelecidas com os colegas de rua e da escola, passando pelo relacionamento que estabelecia com seus pacientes no consultório e, chegando, à preocupação com a reconstrução social da educação de seu país. (AU)

The aim of this article is to provide a brief biography of the psychiatrist Alfred Adler, from his birth to the development of his theory, Individual Psychology, in order to point out some of his contributions to the development of the field of psychology, as well as the relationship between the creation of the key concepts of his theory and his own experiences, over his 67 years of life. Therefore, a historical nature of research was chosen, following the historiographical approach proposed by De Certeau (2010). Finally, it was observed that both the adopted attitude to life and the theoretical construction of Individual Psychology are formed through firstly, the harmony existing between the experienced facts during Adler's childhood: narrow family circle and health conditions faced in the first five years of life (rickets, pneumonia); and secondly, through one of his main concepts, the sense of community, which was built from the first relationships established with street peers and schoolmates, through the relationship established with patients in the office, reaching the concern with the social reconstruction of education in his country. (AU)

En este artículo, se objetiva presentar una breve biografía del médico psiquiatra Alfred Adler, desde su nacimiento hasta el desarrollo de su teoría, la Psicología Individual, con la pretensión de señalar algunas de sus contribuciones para el desarrollo del área de Psicología, como también la relación observada entre la creación de los conceptos-clave de su teoría con sus propias vivencias, a lo largo de sus 67 años de vida. Para tanto, se optó por una investigación histórica, siguiendo el abordaje historiográfico propuesto por De Certeau (2010). Por fin, se observó que, tanto la aptitud adoptada frente a la vida como la construcción teórica de la Psicología Individual se constituyeron por intermedio, primero, de la harmonía existente entre los hechos vivenciados durante la infancia de Adler: estrecho círculo familiar y condiciones de salud enfrentadas en los 5 primeros años de vida (raquitismo, pulmonía); segundo que, uno de sus principales conceptos, el de sentimiento de comunidad, fue siendo construido desde las primeras relaciones establecidas con los compañeros de la calle y de la escuela, pasando por el relacionamiento que establecía con sus pacientes en el consultorio y, llegando, a la preocupación con la reconstrucción social de la educación de su país. (AU)

"Uproar, bulk, rage, suffocation, effort unceasing, frenzied and vain": Beckett's Transports of Rage.

In a 1961 interview, Beckett warded off philosophical interpretations of his work: 'I'm no intellectual. All I am is feeling'. Despite the emotional intensity of Beckett's post-war writing, Beckett criticism has tended to ignore this claim, preferring the kinds of philosophical readings that Beckett here rejects. In particular, Beckett criticism underestimates the element of rage in his work. This paper argues that Beckett's post-war breakthrough is enabled by a radical reconsideration of the nature of feeling and of rage in particular. It involves the rejection of the idea of rage as pathological and the embrace of a positive conception of rage as drive or compulsion, a locus of energy and even pleasure.This paper reads the 'Moran' section of Molloy as a kind of 'rage fable', drawing on the ancient Greek concept of thymos, of anger as a virtue. It draws on Alfred Adler's theory of the 'masculine protest', with which Beckett was familiar from his extensive note-taking on Adler in 1934-5, and Sianne Ngai's discussion of the distinction between irritation and rage. According to this reading, Moran's report charts a narrative of thymotic liberation from the irritations of servitude, prefiguring the Unnamable's abandonment to impersonal affective intensities. It ends by suggesting that the prose of the Trilogy might be better understood, not as a 'syntax of weakness' but as a 'syntax of rage', a stylistic correlative of the imperious drive of thymos. We might then begin to understand the Trilogy as the epic of a heroic, impersonal, implacable and liberated rage.